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1.
Clinics ; 74: e829, 2019. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-1001830

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: To test whether swimming training benefits femoral neck strength in young diabetic rats under insulin therapy. METHODS: A total of 60 male Wistar rats (age: 40 days) were divided equally into the following six groups: control sedentary, control exercise, diabetic sedentary, diabetic exercise, diabetic sedentary plus insulin and diabetic exercise plus insulin. Diabetes was induced with a unique intraperitoneal injection (60 mg/kg body weight) of streptozotocin. Seven days after the injection and after 12 hours of fasting, the animals with blood glucose levels ≥300 mg/dL were considered diabetic. Seven days after the induction of diabetes, the animals in the exercise groups were subjected to progressive swimming training (final week: 90 min/day; 5 days/week; 5% load) for eight weeks. The animals in the insulin groups received a daily dose of insulin (2-4 U/day) for the same period. RESULTS: Severe streptozotocin-induced diabetes reduced the structural properties of the femoral neck (trabecular bone volume, trabecular thickness and collagen fiber content). The femoral neck mechanical properties (maximum load and tenacity) were also impaired in the diabetic rats. Insulin therapy partially reversed the damage induced by diabetes on the structural properties of the bone and mitigated the reductions in the mechanical properties of the bone. The combination of therapies further increased the femoral neck trabecular bone volume (∼30%), trabecular thickness (∼24%), collagen type I (∼19%) and type III (∼13%) fiber contents, maximum load (∼25%) and tenacity (∼14%). CONCLUSIONS: Eight weeks of swimming training potentiates the recovery of femoral neck strength in young rats with severe streptozotocin-induced diabetes under insulin therapy.


Subject(s)
Animals , Male , Swimming/physiology , Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/physiopathology , Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/drug therapy , Exercise Therapy/methods , Femur Neck/physiopathology , Hypoglycemic Agents/therapeutic use , Insulin/therapeutic use , Physical Conditioning, Animal/physiology , Time Factors , Blood Glucose/analysis , Body Weight/physiology , Reproducibility of Results , Collagen/analysis , Rats, Wistar , Streptozocin , Fractures, Bone/physiopathology , Fractures, Bone/prevention & control , Cancellous Bone/physiopathology
2.
Arq. bras. cardiol ; 110(3): 256-262, Mar. 2018. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-888032

ABSTRACT

Abstract Background: The lack of cardiac β1-adrenergic receptors (β1-AR) negatively affects the regulation of both cardiac inotropy and lusitropy, leading, in the long term, to heart failure (HF). Moderate-intensity aerobic exercise (MCAE) is recommended as an adjunctive therapy for patients with HF. Objective: We tested the effects of MCAE on the contractile properties of left ventricular (LV) myocytes from β1 adrenergic receptor knockout (β1ARKO) mice. Methods: Four- to five-month-old male wild type (WT) and β1ARKO mice were divided into groups: WT control (WTc) and trained (WTt); and β1ARKO control (β1ARKOc) and trained (β1ARKOt). Animals from trained groups were submitted to a MCAE regimen (60 min/day; 60% of maximal speed, 5 days/week) on a treadmill, for 8 weeks. P ≤ 0.05 was considered significant in all comparisons. Results: The β1ARKO and exercised mice exhibited a higher (p < 0.05) running capacity than WT and sedentary ones, respectively. The β1ARKO mice showed higher body (BW), heart (HW) and left ventricle (LVW) weights, as well as the HW/BW and LVW/BW than WT mice. However, the MCAE did not affect these parameters. Left ventricular myocytes from β1ARKO mice showed increased (p < 0.05) amplitude and velocities of contraction and relaxation than those from WT. In addition, MCAE increased (p < 0.05) amplitude and velocities of contraction and relaxation in β1ARKO mice. Conclusion: MCAE improves myocyte contractility in the left ventricle of β1ARKO mice. This is evidence to support the therapeutic value of this type of exercise training in the treatment of heart diseases involving β1-AR desensitization or reduction.


Resumo Fundamento: A falta de receptores β1-adrenérgicos (β1-AR) cardíacos afeta negativamente a regulação de inotropismo e lusitropismo cardíacos, levando, no longo prazo, a insuficiência cardíaca (IC). Recomenda-se exercício aeróbico contínuo de intensidade moderada (EACM) como adjuvante no tratamento de pacientes com IC. Objetivo: Testar os efeitos do EACM nas propriedades contráteis de miócitos do ventrículo esquerdo (VE) de camundongos com nocaute para o receptor β1-adrenérgico (β1ARKO). Método: Camundongos machos com 4 a 5 meses de idade, wild-type (WT) e β1ARKO foram divididos em grupos: WT controle (WTc) e treinado (WTt); e β1ARKO controle (β1ARKOc) e treinado (β1ARKOt). Os grupos treinados foram submetidos a regime de EACM (60 min/dia; 60% da velocidade máxima, 5 dias/semana) em esteira rolante, por 8 semanas. Adotou-se P ≤ 0,05 como nível de significância em todas as comparações. Resultados: Os animais β1ARKO (β1ARKOc + β1ARKOt) correram uma distância maior do que os animais WT (WTc + WTt) (p < 0,05). Os camundongos β1ARKO apresentaram maiores pesos corporal (PC), do coração (PCo) e do ventrículo esquerdo (PVE), assim como PCo/PC e PVE/PC do que os camundongos WT. Entretanto, o EACM não afetou tais parâmetros. Os miócitos do VE de camundongos β1ARKO apresentaram maiores (p < 0,05) amplitude e velocidades de contração e relaxamento do que os dos camundongos WT. Além disso, o EACM aumentou (p < 0,05) a amplitude e as velocidades de contração e relaxamento nos camundongos β1ARKO. Conclusão: O EACM melhora a contratilidade do miócito do VE de camundongos β1ARKO. Tal achado confirma o valor terapêutico desse tipo de treinamento físico para o tratamento de doenças cardíacas envolvendo dessensibilização ou redução de β1-AR.


Subject(s)
Animals , Male , Rats , Physical Conditioning, Animal/physiology , Physical Conditioning, Animal/methods , Ventricular Function, Left/physiology , Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-1/physiology , Myocytes, Cardiac/physiology , Myocardial Contraction/physiology , Time Factors , Reproducibility of Results , Mice, Knockout , Exercise Test/methods , Exercise Therapy/methods , Heart Failure/physiopathology
3.
Rev. bras. med. esporte ; 22(1): 40-44, jan.-fev. 2016. tab, graf
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-771102

ABSTRACT

RESUMO Introdução: Biomarcadores vem sendo utilizados para monitorar o uso do álcool e, atualmente, os mais sensíveis e específicos são enzimas hepáticas, por exemplo, gama glutamiltransferase (GGT), alanina aminotransferase (ALT), aspartato aminotransferase (AST) e fosfatase alcalina (ALP). Objetivo: Verificar, a partir da experimentação animal, as alterações provocadas pelo uso de álcool e pela prática de atividade física nas enzimas hepáticas e pancreáticas. Métodos: Vinte e quatro ratos da linhagem Wistar foram distribuídos aleatoriamente em grupos experimentais, alojados em gaiolas com ambiente controlado, divididos de acordo com os tratamentos recebidos. No tratamento inicial, foi administrado álcool aos grupos álcool sedentário (AS) e álcool exercitado (AE) e, ao final da quarta semana, iniciou-se o programa de treinamento físico em esteira com os grupos AE e controle exercitado (CE). A coleta de sangue foi realizada por punção cardíaca ao final de cada experimento. Na análise estatística, utilizou-se teste de análise de variância (ANOVA) seguido de teste de Tukey e teste de Kruskal-Wallis. Resultados: O grupo AS apresentou valores significativamente mais elevados de ALT e ALP quando comparado aos grupos CE e AE, respectivamente. Não foram observadas diferenças significativas entre os quatro grupos estudados para os parâmetros AST, GGT e amilase. Conclusão: A associação entre consumo de álcool e sedentarismo aumentou a liberação das enzimas ALT e ALP em ratos Wistar; a prática de exercício físico aeróbico após abstinência alcoólica evitou o aumento da liberação de ALP no plasma desses animais.


ABSTRACT Introduction: Biomarkers have been used to monitor the use of alcohol and currently the most sensitive and specific are the liver enzymes, for example, gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP). Objective: To determine through animal experiments the changes caused by alcohol and the physical activity in liver and pancreatic enzymes. Methods: Twenty-four Wistar rats were randomly assigned into experimental groups, housed in cages with controlled environment, divided according to the treatment received. In the initial treatment, alcohol was administered to sedentary alcohol (SA) and exercised alcohol (EA) groups and at the end of the fourth week the program of physical training on a treadmill began with the AE and control exercised (CE) groups. Blood collection was performed by cardiac puncture at the end of each experiment. For the statistical analysis we used analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Tukey test and Kruskal-Wallis test. Results: The AS group had significantly higher values of ALT and ALP when compared to CE and EA groups, respectively. No significant differences were observed between the four groups for the parameters AST, GGT and amylase. Conclusion: The association between alcohol consumption and physical inactivity increased the release of the enzymes ALT and ALP in Wistar rats; the practice of aerobic exercise after alcohol withdrawal prevented the increased release of ALP in the plasma of these animals.


RESUMEN Introducción: Los biomarcadores se han utilizado para controlar el consumo de alcohol y en la actualidad las enzimas hepáticas son las más sensibles y específicas, por ejemplo, gamma glutamil transferasa (GGT), alanina aminotransferasa (ALT), aspartato aminotransferasa (AST) y fosfatasa alcalina (ALP). Objetivo: Determinar, a partir de experimentos con animales, los cambios provocados por el alcohol y la actividad física en las enzimas hepáticas y pancreáticas. Métodos: Veinticuatro ratones Wistar fueron asignados al azar a los grupos experimentales, fueron alojados en jaulas con ambiente controlado, divididos de acuerdo a los tratamientos recibidos. En el tratamiento inicial, el alcohol se administró a los grupos alcohol sedentario (AS) y alcohol ejercicio (AE) y el final de la cuarta semana, se inició el programa de entrenamiento físico en una caminadora con los grupos AE y el control ejercitado (CE). La recogida de sangre se realizó mediante punción cardiaca al final de cada experimento. En el análisis estadístico se utilizó el análisis de varianza (ANOVA), seguido por la prueba de Tukey y la prueba de Kruskal-Wallis. Resultados: El grupo AS tuvo valores significativamente más elevados de ALT y ALP en comparación con los grupos CE y AE, respectivamente. No se observaron diferencias significativas entre los cuatro grupos para los parámetros de AST, GGT y amilasa. Conclusión: La asociación entre el consumo de alcohol y la falta de actividad física aumenta la liberación de las enzimas ALT y ALP en ratones Wistar; la práctica de ejercicio aeróbico después de la retirada del alcohol impidió el aumento de la liberación de ALP en el plasma de estos animales.

4.
Arq. bras. cardiol ; 100(1): 82-89, jan. 2013. ilus, graf, tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-662387

ABSTRACT

FUNDAMENTO: O potencial de renovação e proliferação dos cardiomiócitos, in vivo, é pequeno, e por isso, o músculo cardíaco apresenta limitada capacidade de repor células perdidas. Na tentativa de minimizar os danos oriundos de lesões hipóxico-isquêmicas e daquelas que acometem o sistema de condução do coração, a terapia celular com células-tronco mesenquimais (MSC) vem sendo utilizada, inclusive com cardiomiócitos diferenciados a partir de MSC. OBJETIVO: O presente trabalho comparou três protocolos distintos de indução de diferenciação objetivando a sugestão de um método viável para a diferenciação de maior número de células funcionais que expressem fenótipo cardiomiogênico. MÉTODOS: Culturas de MSC obtidas de tecido adiposo de ratos jovens da linhagem Lewis transgênicos para proteína verde fluorescente (GFP) foram submetidos a três diferentes meios de diferenciação cardiogênica: Planat-Bérnard, 5-azacitidina e meio Planat-Bérnard + 5-azacitidina e observadas quanto a expressão de marcadores celulares cardíacos. RESULTADOS: Nos três protolocos utilizados observou-se formação da proteína alfa-actinina sarcomérica no citoesqueleto das células submetidas à diferenciação, expressão de conexina 43 na membrana nuclear e citoplasmática e formação de gap junctions, necessárias para a propagação do impulso elétrico no miocárdio, contudo, em nenhum protocolo foi observada contração espontânea das células submetidas à diferenciação cardiogênica. CONCLUSÃO: A indução com 5-azacitidina proporcionou diferenciação celular cadiomiogênica efetiva e similar à encontrada com o meio Planat-Bénard e, por ser um protocolo mais simples, rápido e com menor custo torna-se o método de eleição.


BACKGROUND: Cardiomyocytes have small potential for renovation and proliferation in vivo. Consequently, the heart muscle has limited capacity of self-renewal. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) therapy, as well as MSC differentiated into cardiomyocytes, has been used in the attempt to minimize the effects of ischemic-hypoxic lesions and those affecting the electrical conduction system of the heart. OBJECTIVE: The present study compared three distinct protocols for induced differentiation of MSC into cardiomyocytes aimed at finding a viable method for producing a large number of functional cells expressing cardiomyogenic phenotype. METHODS: Mesenchymal stem cells were obtained from the adipose tissue of young transgenic Lewis rats expressing green fluorescent protein (GFP), and submitted to three distinct differentiation-inducing media: 1) Planat-Bérnard, 2) 5-azacytidine, and 3) Planat-Bérnard + 5-azacytidine; further, these cells were identified based on the expression of cardiac cell markers. RESULTS: All three protocols detected the expression of sarcomeric-alpha-actinin protein in the exoskeleton of cells, expression of connexin-43 in the nuclear and cytoplasmic membrane, and formation of gap junctions, which are necessary for electrical impulse propagation in the myocardium. However, no spontaneous cell contraction was observed with any of the tested protocols. CONCLUSION: Induction with 5-azacytidine provided an effective cadiomyogenic cellular differentiation similar to that obtained with Planat-Bénard media. Therefore, 5-azacytidine was the method of choice for being the simplest, fastest and lowest-cost protocol for cell differentiation.


Subject(s)
Animals , Rats , Adipocytes/cytology , Adipose Tissue/cytology , Cell Differentiation , Cell Culture Techniques/methods , Mesenchymal Stem Cells/cytology , Myocytes, Cardiac/cytology , Adipocytes/drug effects , Azacitidine/pharmacology , Cells, Cultured , Cell Differentiation/drug effects , Flow Cytometry , Fluorescent Antibody Technique , Rats, Inbred Lew , Reproducibility of Results
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